M. Tanigawa and D.R. Dahal, Nepalese Politics and Political Science: An Overview with a Bibliography(1), Annual Review of Tohoku University of Art & Design, No.3, jul.1996.

ネパールにはすでに本格的な政治学が存在し、政治学会も設立されているが、 日本ではこのことはまだ全くといってよいほど知られていない。日本の政治学者 たちは、多くの場合、西（欧米）を向くか東（日本・東アジア）を向くかであっ て、南にはあまり目を向けてこなかったし、またたとえ南アジアに関心を示して も大国主義のせいかネパールのような小国にまでは目が届かなかった。これまで ネパール政治学に関する情報は、政治学者ではなく文化人類学や言語学といった 隣接領域の研究者たちを通して細々と断片的に伝えられてきたにすぎない。
　これは日本とネパールの政治的経済的関係の希薄さを考えれば、ある程度や むを得ないことだったかもしれない。日本の政治学者にはネパールを研究しなけ ればならない切実な動機がなかった。しかし、日本の政治学界が、遅ればせなが らも「国際化」を目指す以上、少なくとも欧米諸国程度にはネパールへの関心を 示すべきであろうし、またたとえそうではなくても、ネパールの政治と政治学の 無視は日本の政治学自身の発展にとって小さくとも悔いの残る失策となる可能性 がある。ネパールの政治は、現代政治の重要な諸問題を大部分取り揃えた実験室 のようであり、それ自体として興味深いからであり、また本稿第２章の文献目録 に見られるように、その研究も近年ますます盛んになりつつあるからである。
　むろん現在のネパール政治学には、第１章で指摘したように、いくつかの根 本的な問題や難点がある。しかし、世界最貧国（LDC）で識字率も就学率も低く 、したがって当然、知識人層も中流階級もごく貧弱なこの国で、政治関係の堅い 本がこれだけ出版され（文献目録に収録したのは単行本の一部にすぎず、論文ま で入れたら膨大な数になる）、読まれていることは、不思議であり驚異である。 玉石混淆で、内容の伴わない文献が多いことも確かだが、いずれ量は質に転化す るはずである。
　本稿は、ネパールのこの未知の政治と政治学の現状報告である。

1. Political Science in Nepal
The basic energy for the evolution of political science as an independent discipline in Nepal has been provided by the growth of democratic ideals, institutions, and individual political scientists committed to the art and science of politics. In the initial phase, the activism of political scientists mostly trained on classical Sanskrit lore had contributed to its professional growth. Recognition to the autonomy of political science, and the dignity of political scientists, spring from their articulate role in systematic, dynamic, and creative political science knowledge-production and research relevant to the nation and people, and in maintaining intersubjective cooperation with the other science and social science disciplines for sharpening its conceptual and methodological tools. This means the role of Nepalese political scientists lies in active and continuous intermediation involving the multitude of interest groups and disciplines in society and achieving its comparative advantage in codependency. The analysis below reflects how political science in Nepal continues to develop and change its underlying orientations without any radical revolution in the innovation of theory. Before this, however, it is pertinent to diagnose some of the basic problems faced by this discipline.
Three interrelated trends have led to the slow development of political science in Nepal. The first is the problem of networking with the new web of institutions. Institutionalization occurs only when universal knowledge is adequately indigenized to tune with the local values, culture and institutions. Since political realists maintain that eternal laws of politics are valid under certain political conditions only, Nepalese political scientists too need to indigenize the legal, institutional and philosophical concepts manufactured outside. The basic causal laws of the past that is wanting now are being affected by the flow of new ideas and concepts of information revolution. If one is thinking of the elemental fact that the root of politics is the human nature defined by the changing social, cultural, economic and political environment one should say the role of political scientists is to generalize the behavioural outcome rather than embarking on a career of sorts as political pundits speaking their own mind with brutal frankness regardless of national relevance.
The second is the problem of governance, that is, putting new political knowledge to public policy formulation relevant to national needs. As the need of any discipline is being governed by its utility in society, resource investment in political science development is also accompanied by the political interest of the nation. It is because the tie between the interest of funding agencies and substance of research is direct. This means, what Nepalese political scientists need, above all, is efficacy particularly in the art of solving society's problems and reinforcing national responsibility, but also in the science of solving unresolved political puzzles. In utilitarian terms, the challenge now is how to improve its structural position and maintain a balance between moral imagination of good governance and scientific concern. Otherwise, political science research will resemble blind men's elephant--groping in different directions and grasping different parts of a whole puzzle. If Nepalese political scientists do not clarify their position, they will be misunderstood for dealing transient phenomena of governments and systems rather than the people that endure. Democratic mandate may be necessary but not a sufficient condition to assume social responsibility.
The third is the problem in absorbing new political knowledge in the state and civil society to reshape them. This reshaping process helps in accumulating social capital--a capital central to legitimize the debate on how the society should grow and why organization of society is essential to drive the leadership for social change. Here one can sense grave disquiet as most of the Nepalese political scientists seem to be over the brink now, and just beginning to realize why social policies (powerlessness, inequality, unemployment) and the ethical bases of political order are important for the stability of democracy in the country. Of course, good rationalization of political events, trends and actors alone would not receive celebration unless their qualities and standards are accepted by society in general. The callous neglect in uncovering these mores so far led political science as a discipline to stagnate thus giving way to political craft and unaccountable activism. In the absence of a visionary leadership Nepalese political science is, therefore, muddling around rather than marching ahead. It is a grand disjuncture from the historic harmony between the art and science of politics where lessons of many religious treatises such as Vedas, Gita, Mahabharat, Ramayan, Arthshastra of Kautilya that dealt with the statecraft of ancient times were cautiously applied.
Even the Dibya Upadesh formulated by the founder of modern Nepal, Prithvi Narayan Shah, draws immense insights from these texts, although he was more a statesman than a political scientist. The knowledge process at that time was both macro and micro. The premium on the relevance of political, economic and cultural indigenization was adequately put to see the relevance of 'outside' from the needs of 'within'. The wisdom of the past, however, sparsely does figure in the writings of Nepalese political scientists. Historians and social sector thinkers fared better in this respect. Why is this so? It is because neglect pays more than the involvement? Or, there were others to take this responsibility? If we accept the Lasswell's definition of political science, the art of possible, we should not end up with Carlyle's gloomy appraisal: the dismal science.
The democratic movement of the fifties against a century-old Rana Regime provided some spurt for the evolution of democratic values and preparation of citizenry. Civics as a branch of political science was introduced in the matriculation curriculum to prepare citizens learning the ABC of democracy. The only institution of higher learning, Tri Chandra College established before 1950 for the ruling elite's families became accessible to the general public. Until the establishment of Tribhuvan University in 1959 this college was affiliated with the Patana University of India and courses were modeled on traditional lines focusing on political theory, public administration, comparative government, and international politics that resembled the course of the then British universities.
After the founding of Tribhuvan University, however, political science teaching was upgraded to undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels and curricula were modulated to fit the national needs. Political change of 1960 in the country gravitated political science further to two areas: contextualization of courses, and enlargement of syllabus. Yet, it also introduced a course on the 'socialization' of students on the values of monocratic Panchayat system with the view to create a class of intellectuals for sustaining the bureaucracy and politics of the nation. As all these processes were incremental, there has almost been no revolution in the arena of political science innovation. Revolution, however, occurred in politics as democracy has been restored.
The absence of revolution is being marked by the fact that Nepalese political scientists have proved their capability in 'thick description' of what has already been invented outside rather than penetrating the 'core of innovation' for national growth of knowledge for export diversification. This reflects the state of unequal interdependence of Nepalese political scientists on 'outside,' mainly, India and the West. The import-substitution of political science knowledge remained weak both in textbooks and in specialized areas. As a result, its integration into the world exchange market as "paradigm consumers" characterizes the basic element of subsistence stage. This perfectly explains why traditional model has remained so dominant in its development discourse. Three areas, however, exhibited relatively better position-- Nepalese politics, public administration and foreign policy. The continuous interest of Nepalese and foreign political scientists and sustained publication of Nepal Press Digest, and national newspapers such as The Rising Nepal, Spotlight, and The Kathmandu Post now and many others, like the Asian Survey, South Asian Studies provided substantial inputs for such an improvement.
During the thirty years of Panchayat rule several factors contributed to the growth of political science. For instance, one can cite the opening of political science departments in all the social science campuses, introduction of Nepal Parichaya (which contains one chapter on Nepalese polity) as a compulsory subject in undergraduate class in all the faculties of Tribhuvan University, establishment of Panchayat Training Institutes, Center for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS), and Center for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA). Panchayat Training Institutes have made some empirical research, case studies of national politics, local development, local leadership, and national and local administration and comparative analysis based on field survey and participant observation. Its journal Prashashan (Administration) and Panchayat Darpan were important then to understand the process of official policy innovation put underway.
CNAS also contributed through its research studies on the political economy of villages, political communication, representation patterns in the National Panchayat, migration, social change, foreign policy and security, regional cooperation, peace and development, etc. Until the downfall of Panchayat its journals Strategic Studies Series, CNAS Year Review and occasional paper CNAS Forum were immensely helpful for scholars, students and policy-makers. Unfortunately, all of them have ceased to exist. Now CNAS publishes only one journal Contributions to Nepalese Studies on a regular basis bearing some political science articles. Occasionally, it also conducts seminars on domestic politics and foreign policy of Nepal and publishes books. CEDA's contribution lies in conducting study and seminars, and publishing articles, books, and research reports on regional cooperation, people's participation, foreign aid, public administration, as well as several facets of Nepalese foreign policy.
In the nineteen-sixties and seventies, Colombo Plan and Fulbright professors coming from India and the United States of America helped in modernizing the curriculum and teaching. The New Education Plan introduced in Nepal in 1973 further tried to give new impetus to behavioural and post-behavioural political science studies, and education was patterned on the semester system common in America. It was a departure from the hitherto Anglo-Indian line of yearly examinations. The efficacy of this system of education became attenuated after the student upsurge of 1979 that resulted into political referendum and subsequent constitutional change. Later, the yearly system of examinations was being revived. The increased political freedom, however, inspired political activism in the nation. Yet, as institutional change did not induce change in the attitude and culture of political scientists, it led to a decline in the academic activities of the Central Department of Political Science that plays pivotal policy making role in the Standing Committee and Subject Committee of Political Science. As a result, The Nepalese Journal of Political Science that used to stand as a feather in the cap of the Central Department of Political Science in the seventies ceased to publish.
Three major factors are responsible for this. One is the lack of a clear policy to recruit brightest teachers, alienation of capable of teachers, and politicization of university authorities who having devoid of a vision on how to steer education with the needs of the nation subjected themselves to power politics and left the departments in virtual anarchy. Second, there is the splintering off the areas of public administration and law as separate disciplines, gradual division of public interest and the diminishing number of students in political science. And lastly, there is also a sheer lack of the feeling of community among the political scientists for professional development indicating further an irresistible centrifugal trend . One cannot simply dismiss the fact laying the blame on the structural rigidities and unfreedom in political science teaching and research as well as protectionist policy of the Panchayat regime that halted its take-off. It is partly caused by inaction and partly by the incapacity in self-assertion.
The restoration of democracy in Nepal in nineteen-ninety for the first time brought of a Non-governmental Organization, Political Science Association in Nepal with a view to promote the frontiers of political science. Although the Association is being split into two groups, their healthy competition may help in a revival and reinventing of this discipline and alternative choices and their costs and benefits can be provided to cater the interest of different groups. For the first time a data bank for political science has been created on Nepalese voters, political parties and parliamentary process and two reports have been published including Nepalese Journal of Political Science and Politics and an edited volume on South Asia: Democracy and the Road Ahead. One cannot also overlook the contribution of Society for Constitutional and Parliamentary Exercise (SCOPE) in this area. These research activities are, however, barely linked to teaching.
The liberalization of political economy and reduced role of state have so far hardly induced any reform in the content of teaching. Instead, one can easily see the downsizing of contents especially in research methodology and regional studies and limiting the choice in specialization. The subjects generally taught under political science include: political thought and theories, international relations, international law, international organization, foreign policy and diplomacy, comparative politics and governments, public administration, research methodology, regional studies, and Nepalese politics and foreign policy. Thesis writing for post-graduate and Ph. D. students in political science research is an available option. The trends of intersubjective study and research are also evident from the publications below where Nepalese and foreign geographers, psychologists, historians, demographers, and sociologists have substantially contributed.
Yet, it is still important to see whether there is a possibility of evolving a common agreement among the Nepalese political scientists so that their diverse interests and ideologies can be harmonized and concerted for overcoming the underdevelopment of political science discipline in Nepal. The answer can be affirmative if a sense of community develops and responsible civic political culture becomes central to their thinking and action. Responsible political culture alone can ensure inclusion, inspiration, credibility, and legitimacy.
By inclusion we mean participation of young political scientists in the capacity building of departments, professional research, exposure, and training for publication and participation in social creation. This, however, requires freedom from the culture of political evangelism, and psychiatric symptoms of alienation, silence, cynicism and exaggerated sense of greatness to building a scientific community. This also requires a departure from the habit-driven role of a rationalizer to that of a scientist committed to the study on the art and science of politics.
By inspiration we mean leadership growth capable of asserting the importance of subject through substantive contribution to the national goals. The future relevance of Nepalese political scientists lies in developing institutional culture and an ordered state of the discipline rather than continued anarchy. Inspired leadership eloquently calls for professional solidarity and mutual self-reliance by which comparative advantage can be achieved in competition with other social sciences.
By credibility we mean reaching those people who do not believe in political science as one of the significant disciplines essential in the creation of a civil society as a vanguard of democratic governance and participatory development. It ought to impart the notion that political science deals with the valuation of people rather than power elite only, their concern and needs rather than never-ending structural adjustment to the invisible hand of market and statist forces.
By legitimacy we mean efficacy of political science in three areas: contribution to the framing of public policies; creativity in the inventory of political knowledge; and support to the continuous reforms in society and polity. If national relevance in these areas is not maintained this discipline would become a hostage of the past where collective crisis of irrelevance, sterile seminars and teaching would continue and political scientists would be alienated from the human rationality of coming together and remain tied to Hobbesian notion of perpetual individualization.
At a time when market for Nepalese research products and international marketization of Nepalese political scientists is being squeezed despite the growth of political science students, decentralization of post-graduate teaching departments and growing exposure of Nepalese political scientists abroad, it is high time to reconsider some necessary reforms to renew it. If reforms are essential to expand domestic market which is now getting narrower because of inadequate specialization, over-production of students, a sense of dependence on decontextualized teaching materials and stiff competition with other social science products, at the end we are back to political science. In this context, promotion of political knowledge, and activities depends on the ability of Nepalese political scientists in undertaking political responsibility, political self-determination, and self-reliance for the healthy growth of this discipline. Efforts such as these can only be able to integrate political science with other social sciences and form a basis of broader philosophical system. [D. R. Dahal]
* We are grateful to Prof. Lok Raj Baral, Mr. Sridhar K. Khatri, Mr. Anand Aditya and Mr. Dhruba Kumar for their comments and suggestions on the earlier draft of this paper.

2. Selected Books on Nepalese Politics
(1) Political Science
Lohani, Mohan P.(ed.): Social Sciences in Nepal, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University, 1994.
Political Science Association of Nepal(POLSAN), Nepali Political Science and Politics, Annual Journal, No.1-, 1992-.
Whelpton, John: Nepal: A Bibliography, World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 38, Oxford: Clio Press, 1990.
(2) Politics in General
Baral, Lok Raj: Nepal: Problems of Governance, New Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1993.
------: Oppositional Politics in Nepal, New Delhi: Abhinav, 1977.
Bista, Dor Bahadur: Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization, Calcutta: Orient Longman Limited, 1991.
Dharamdasani, Muralidhar(ed.): Democratic Nepal, Varanasi: Shalimar, 1992.
Gaige, Frederick H.: Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal, Delhi: Vikas Publishing House,1975.
Gupta, Anirudha: Politics in Nepal, Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 1st ed. 1964, 2nd ed. 1993.
Hutt, Michael(ed).: Nepal in the Nineties, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Jakobsen, Jakob Rogild: Defining and Consolidating Democracy in a Developing Country: A Case Study of Nepal, Aarhus: Aarhus University, Denmark, 1994.
Jha, Hari Bansh: Terai Community and National Integration in Nepal, Centre for Economic & Technical Studies, 1993.
Kumar, Dhruba(ed.): State, Leadership and Politics in Nepal, Kathmandu: CNAS, 1995.
Rose, Leo E. & Fischer, Margaret W: The Politics of Nepal: Persistence and Change in an Asian Monarchy, Ithaca, N.W.: Cornell University Press, 1970.
Seddon, D., Blaikie, P. & Cameron, J.: Peasants and Workers in Nepal, England: Aris and Phillips Ltd, 1979.
SEARCH: Strengthening Democratic Process in Nepal, Kathmandu: SEARCH, 1991.
Shaha, Rishikesh: Nepali Politics: Retrospect and Prospect, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978.
------: Essays in the Practice of Government in Nepal, New Delhi: Manohar, 1982.
Sharan, P.: Government and Politics of Nepal, New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co., 1982.
Thapa, Bhekh B.: South Asia as a Dynamic Partner: Nepal-Problems and Prospects, Kathmandu: IIDS, 1992.
Verma, Yugeswar P.: Press in Nepal: An Appraisal, Kathmandu: Pratibha Publication, 1988.
(3) Political History
Bajracharya, B. R., Sharma, S. R., & Bakshi, S. R.(eds.): Political Development in Nepal, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1993.
Brown, T. Louise: Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History, London: Routledge, 1996.
Chauhan, R. S.: Society and State Building in Nepal, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1989.
Hamal, Lakshman B.: Military History of Nepal, Kathmandu: Sharda Pustak Mandir, 1995.
Hofer, Andras: Cast Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of the Mulki Ain of 1854, Innsbruck: Universitatsverlag Wagner, 1979.
K. C., Kaisher Bahadur: Nepal: After the Revolution of 1950, Kathmandu: Kaisher Bahadur, 1977.
Pradhan, Krishna Prasad: Nationalism Coined by History to Nepalese, Kathmandu: G.S. Singh, 1992.
Pradhan, Kumar: The Gorkha Conquests: The Process and the Consequences of the Unification of Nepal with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal, Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Rana, Pramode Shamshere: Rana Intrigues, Kathmandu: R. Rana, 1995.
Regmi, Mahesh Chandra: Landownership in Nepal, University of California Press, 1976.
------: Thatched Huts and Stucco Palaces: Peasants and Landlords in 19th Century Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978.
------: Kings and Political Leaders of the Gorkhali Empire 1768-1814, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1995.
Sanwal, B.D.: Social and Political History of Nepal, Newdelhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1993.
Sever, Adrian: Nepal Under the Ranas, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1993.
Shaha, Rishikesh: Politics in Nepal 1980-1991, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1993.
Sharma, Tara Nath: The Crown and the Panchayat Democracy in Nepal, Kathmandu: Mrs Shanta Sharmsa, 1987.
Shrestha, Kusum: Monarchy in Nepal: Tribhuvan Era, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1984.
Stiller, Ludwig F.: Nepal: Growth of a Nation, Kathmandu: Human Resources Development Research Centre, 1993.
Thapa, Krishna B.: Social, Economic and Administrative History of Modern Nepal, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1995.
Whelpton, John: Kings and Priests: Nepalese Politics 1830-1857, New Delhi: Ajay Kumar Jain Manohar Publications, 1991.
(4) Revolution in 1990
Amatya, Uday Bahadur: Political Change: People's Reaction on the Restoration of Multiparty System in Nepal: An Analytical Study, Pokhara: 1990.
Chitrakar, Gopal: People Power, Kathmandu, 1992.
Forum for the Protection of Human Rights(FOPHUR): Dawn of Democracy: People's Power in Nepal, Kathmandu: FOPHUR,1990.
Hutt, Michael(ed.): Nepal in the Nineties, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Raeper, William and Hoftun, Martin: Spring Awakening: An Account of the 1990 Revolution in Nepal, India: Viking(Penguin India), 1992.
Sharma, Prem: 50 Days of Pro-democracy Movement in Nepal 1990, Kathmandu: CEDA, 1992.
Uprety, Prem R.: Political Awakening in Nepal, New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1992.
(5) Parliament
Baral, Lok Raj: Patterns of Representation in the National Panchayat, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal & Asian Studies,1975.
Chalise, Suresh C.: Sociology of the Legislative Elites in a Developing Society: An Empirical Study Based on the Members of the First Parliament of the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal after the 1990 People's Revolution, Kathmandu: NEFAS - Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1995.
Society for Constitutional and Parliamentary Exercise(SCOPE), Parliamentary Affairs, periodical.
(6) Political Party and Movement
BVNC: Back to the Village National Campaign, Kathmandu: BVNC, 1967.
Chatterji, Bhola: B. P. Koirala: Portrait of a Revolutionary, Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1990.
Christensen, Anette H. el al.: The Influence of Women's Organization and Women Politicians in Nepal, Aarhus: Aarhus University, Denmark, 1992.
CPN-UML: Election Manifesto, 1991, Kathmandu: CPN-UML, 1991.
Koirala, G.P.: Democracy and Road Ahead, Kathmandu: Centre for Bpian Studies, Nepal, 1993.
Mishra, Kiran: B. P. Koirala: Life and Times, New Delhi: Wishwa Prakashan, 1994.
Olson, Jeppe Bogh: Political Parties in Nepal, Aarhus: Aarhus University, Denmark, 1992.
Parmanand: Nepali Congress since Its Inception, Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 1982.
Political Science Association of Nepal(POLSAN): Political Parties and the Parliamentary Progress in Nepal, Kathmandu: POLSAN, 1992.
Upreti, B.C.: Nepali Congress, New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1993.
(7) Election
Borre, O., Panday, S. R. & Tiwari, C. K.: Nepalese Political Behaviour, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1994.
Council of Retired Public Servants (CRPS) & Development Associates of Nepal: People's Verdict: An Analysis of the Result of General Elections 1994, Kathmandu: CRPS-DEAN, December 1994.
Development Research for Democratic Nepal: Report on the Study and Research on the Local Elections in Nepal, 1992, Kathmandu: DRAN, July 1992.
Election Commission of Nepal: Directives of Local Elections, Kathmandu: Election Commission of Nepal, 1992.
Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC): Nepal and Its Electoral System: An Introduction, Kathmandu: INSEC, 1991.
Integrated Development Service (IDS): The Second Parliamentary Election, Kathmandu: IDS, 1993.
National Election Observation Committee (NEOC): Nepal: Election Observation Report, Mid-Term Polls-1994, Kathmandu: NEOC, 1994.
POLSAN : Nepalese Voters: A Survey Report, Kathmandu: POLSAN, 1991.
Sharma, Prem: Invalid Voting Pattern in the Local Election of 1992 in Nepal: A Case Study of Rasuwa, Baglung and Rupandehi Districts, Kathmandu: CEDA, 1993.
(8) Constitution
Agrawal, Hem Narayan: Nepal: A Study on Constitutional Change, New Delhi: Oxford, 1980.
Chaturvedi, S.K.: Nepal: Internal Politics and Its Constitutions, New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1993.
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047, Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board, 1992.
International Human Rights law Group, Toward a New Constitution of Nepal: International Norms and Constitutional Options, a report of the International Human Rights Law Group, prepared with the assistance of Mayer, Brown and Platt, Washington D.C., August 1990.
Nepal Law Society: Essays on Constitutional Law, pediorical, No.1-, 1990-.
------: Law Bulletin, periodical.
New Era: A Study of the Legal System and Legal Situation in Rural Areas of the Kingdom of Nepal, Kathmandu: New Era, February 1988.
Pant, Shastra Dutta: Comparative Constitutions of Nepal, Kathmandu: Research Centre for South Asia, 1995.
Pokhrel, Gokul Prasad & Koirala, Bharat Dutta: Mass Media Laws and Regulations in Nepal, Singapore: Nepal Press Institute and Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre, 1995.
Poudyal, Niranjan Bhakta: The History of Constitutional Development of Nepal,1948-1980, Lalitpur: N. B. Poudyal, 1981.
Vaidya, Tulasi Ram & Manandhar, Tri Ratna: Crime and Punishment in Nepal: A Historical Perspective, Kathmandu: Jore Ganesh Press, 1985.
(9)Human Right
Allen, Michael & Mukherjee(eds): Women in India and Nepal, Asian Studies Association of Australia, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990.
Informal Sector Service Centre(INSEC): Human Rights Year Book - Nepal, Kathmandu: INSEC, 1992-.
Rai, Lal Deosa, Human Rights in the Hindu- Buddhist Tradition, Jaipur: Nirala Publications, 1995.
Skar, Herald O.: Nepal: Indigenous Issues and Civil Rights, Norway: NUPI Report, 1992.
Thapa, Krishna B.: Women and Social Change in Nepal(1951-1960), Kathmandu, 1985.
(10) Administration
Agrawal, Hem Narayan: The Administrative System of Nepal: From Tradition to Modernity, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976.
Bhatt, Bhim Dev: Decentralization in Nepal, New Delhi: Reliance Publishers, 1990
Borgstrom, Bengt-Erik: The Patron and the Panca: Village Values and Pancayat Democracy in Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1980
Calavan, Michael M.: Local Government and Central Bureaucracy: A Critical Nexus in Democratic Nepal, Kathmandu: USAID, 1993.
Caplan, Lionel: Administration and Politics in a Nepalese Town: The Study of a District Capital and Its Environs, London: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Centre for Economic Development and Administration(CEDA): Strengthening Decentralized Local Level Planning Process in Nepal, Kathmandu: CEDA, 1992.
Edwards, Daniel W.: Patrimonial and Bureaucratic Administration in Nepal: Historical Change and the Weberian Theory, a Doctoral Dissertation submitted at the Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1977.
Miller, Casper: Decision Making in Village Nepal: Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press, 1990.Nti, James: Some Observations on the Personnel Administration System in the Civil Service of Nepal, Kathmandu: Ministry of General Administration and UNDP, 1991.
Pant, Shastra Dutta: Decentralization in Nepal, Kathmandu: RECSA, 1987.
Pokhrel, Badri: Land Revenue Administration in Nepal, New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1991.
Poudyal, Madhab P.: Public Administration and Nation-building in Nepal, New Delhi: National Book Organaization, 1991
------: Administrative Reforms in Nepal, New Delhi: National Book Organisation, 1989.
(11) Foreign Policy, Peace and Security
Agrawal, Govind Ram & Rana, Jai Pratap: Nepal and Nonalignment, Kathmandu: CEDA, 1982.
Ali, Almeen: Landlocked States and International Law, New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1989.
Bajracharya, B.R., Sharma, S.R. & Bakshi, S.R.(eds.): Foreign Policy of Nepal, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1993.
Bhandari, Y. N.(ed.): His Majesty King Birendra and Zone of Peace, Kathmandu: Milan Weekly, 1985.
Baral, Lok Raj: Politics of Balanced Interdependence: Nepal and SAARC, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1988.
Bhatt, Dibya Deo: Nepal-Britain Relations, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 1983.
Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies(CNAS): Continuity and Change in Nepal's Foreign Policy, Kathmandu: CNAS, 1991.
Gurung, Surya Kiran et al,: A Study on the Legal Framework of the Peace Zone Proposal of Nepal, Kathmandu: CEDA, July 1987.
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Law and Justice: The Concept of Peace Zone in International Law and Its Framework, Kathmandu: HMG, 1986.
Husain, Asad: British India's Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Institute of Foreign Affairs: Report of the Talk Programme on Nepal's Foreign Policy and its New Dimensions, Kathmandu: Institute of Foreign Affairs, 1993.
Khanal, Yadu Nath: Nepal: Transition from Isolationism, Kathmandu: Asian Printing Press,1977.
Maskay, Bishwa Keshar & Dahal, Dev Raj, Nepal's Participation in the United Nations Peace Keeping Operations, United Nations Association of Nepal, 1995.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Report on Nepal's Foreign Affairs 1990-1993, Kathmandu: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, HMG, 1993.
Misra, Navin: Nepal and the United Nations, Patana: Janaki Prakashan, 1992.
Sangroula, Y. R.: Zone of Peace: An Emerging Theme of International Law, Kathmandu: Council of Lawyers, 1989.
Subedi, Surya P.: Land-locked Nepal and International Law, Kathmandu: Kokila Gautam, 1989.
Uprety, Kishor: Land-locked States and Access to the Sea, Kathmandu: Nepal law Society, 1989.
(12) Relations with India and China
Bahadur, Kalim and Lama, Mahendra P.(eds.): New Perspectives on India-Nepal Relations, New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995.
Bhasin, A. S.(ed.): Nepal's Relations With India and China Documents 1947-1992, Vol. 1 &2, Delhi: Avtar Singh Bhasin, 1994.
Bhattarai, Dinesh and Khatiwada, Pradip(eds.): Nepal-India: Democracy in the Making of Mutual Trust, Jaipur: Nirala Publications, 1993.
Chaturbedi, S. K.: Indo-Nepal Relations in Linkage Perspective, Delhi: R.B. Publishing Corporation, 1990.
Chaudhary, K. C.: Indo-Nepalese Relations, Calcutta: Modern Book Agency,1960.
Ghoble, T. R.: China-Nepal Relations and India, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1986.
Jha, S. K.: Indo-Nepal Relations, New Delhi: Archive Books, 1989.
Kumar, Dhruba (ed.): Nepal's India Policy, Kathmandu: CNAS, 1992.
Mishra, P. K.: India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh, Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan, 1979.
Mojumdar, Kanchanmoy: Nepal and the Indian Nationalist Movement, Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1975.
Pradhan, Gajendra Mani: Transit of Landlocked Countries and Nepal, Jaipur: Nirala Publications, 1990.
Prasad, Shashi Bhushan: The China Factor in Indo-Nepalese Relations 1955-72, New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1989.
Rajbahak, Ram Prasad: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Asporations, New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 1992.
Ramakant & Upreti, B. C.(eds.): Indo-Nepal Relations, New Delhi: South Asia Publishers, 1992.
Rana, Ayaz Mohammad: Pakistan-Nepal Relations, Lahor: Centre for South Asian Studies, 1986.
Sen, Jahar: India and Nepal, Simala: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1992.
Shaha, Rishikesh: New Directions in Nepal-India Relations, New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1995.
Singh, Shiva Bahadur: Indo-Nepal Relations: Discord and Harmony, Varanasi: Ganga Kaberi Publishing House, 1994.
Upreti, B.C.: Politics of Himarayan River Waters, New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1993.
(13) Development and Foreign Aid
Bongartz, Heinz, et al. (eds.): Foreign Aid and the Role of NGOs in the Development Process of Nepal, Kathmandu: NEFAS - Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1994.
Chand, Diwaker: Development Thought: Non-governmental Organizations in Nepal, Kathmandu: Group Three PVT., 1991.
Dahal, Dev Raj: Decentralization and Development in Nepal, NEFAS, 1994.
Justice, Judith: Policies, Plans and People: Foreign Aid and Health Development, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
Khadka, Narayan: Foreign Aid, Poverty and Stagnation in Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1991.
Maskay, Bishwa Keshar(ed), Global Human Security Nepalese Perspective, Society for International Development Nepal Chapter, 1995.
Thakur, Ram Bhakta P. B.: North-South Cooperation and Foreign Aid in Nepal, Kathmandu: Ms. Usha Thakur, 1994.
[D. R. Dahal & Tanigawa]